Selected publications from the Optical Spectroscopy group
2022
Hamryszczak, Z., Pozzer, A., Obersteiner, F., Bohn, B., Steil, B., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Distribution of hydrogen peroxide over Europe during the BLUESKY aircraft campaign, Atom. Chem. Phys., 22, 9483-9497, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9483-2022, 2022.
Nussbaumer, C. M., Pozzer, A., Tadic, I., Röder, L., Obersteiner, F., Harder, H., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Tropospheric ozone production and chemical regime analysis during the COVID-19 lockdown over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 6151-6165, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-6151-2022, 2022.
Röder. L., and Fischer, H.: Theoretical investigation of applicability and limitations of advanced noise reduction methods for wavelength modulation spectroscopy, Appl. Phys. B., 128, 10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-021-07737-z, 2022.
2021
Nussbaumer, C.M., J.N. Crowley, J. Schuladen, J. Williams, S. Hafermann, A. Reiffs, R. Axinte, H. Harder, C. Ernest, A. Novelli, K. Sala, M. Martinez, C. Mallik, L. Tomsche, C. Plass-Dülmer, B. Bohn, J. Lelieveld, and H. Fischer: Measurement report: Photochemical production and loss rates of formaldehyde and ozone across Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 18413-18432, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-18413-2021, 2021.
Dienhart, D., Crowley, J.N., Bourtsoukidis, E., Edtbauer, A., Eger, P.G., Ernle, L., Harder, H., Hottmann, B., Martinez, M., Parchatka, U., Paris, J.-D., Pfannerstill, E.Y., Rohloff, R., Schuladen, J., Stönner, Ch., Tadic, I., Tauer, S., Wang, N., Williams, J., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Measurement report: Observation-based formaödehyde production rates and their realtion to OH reactivity around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 17373-17388, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17373-2021, 2021.
Nussbaumer, C.M., U. Parchatka, I.Tadic, B. Bohn, D. Marno, M. Martinez, R. Rohloff, H. Harder, F. Kluge, K. Pfeilsticker, F. Obersteiner, M. Zöger, R. Doerich, J.N. Crowley, J. Lelieveld, and H. Fischer: Modification of a conventional photolytic converter for improving aircraft measurements of NO2 via chemiluminescence, Atmos. Meas. Techn., 14, 6759-6776, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6759-2021, 2021.
Tadic, I., Nussbaumer, C., Bohn, B., Harder, H., Marno, D., Martinez, M., Obersteiner, F., Parchatka, U., Pozzer, A., Rohloff, R., Zöger, M., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Central role of nitric oxide in ozone production in the upper tropical troposphere over the Atlantic Ocean and West Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8195-8211, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8195-2021, 2021.
Nussbaumer, C., Tadic, I., Dienhart, D., Wang, N., Edtbauer, A., Ernle, L., Williams, J., Obersteiner, F., Gutiérrez-Álvarez, I., Harder, H., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Measurement report: In situ observations of deep convection without lightning during the tropical cyclone Florence 2018, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 7933-7945 , https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7933-2021, 2021.
2020
Hottmann, B., Hafermann, S., Tomsche, L., Marno, D., Martinez, M., Harder, H., Pozzer, A., Neumaier, M., Zahn, A., Bohn, B., Stratmann, G., Ziereis, H., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Impact of the South Asian Monsoon outflow on atmospheric hydroperoxides in the upper troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 12655-12673, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12655-2020, 2020.
Tadic, I., Crowley, J.N., Dienhart, D., Eger, P., Harder, H., Hottmann, B., Martinez, M., Parchatka, U., Paris, J.-D., Pozzer, A., Rohloff, R., Schuladen, J., Shenolikar, J., Tauer, S., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Net ozone production and ist relationship to NOx and VOCs in the marine boundary layer around the Arabian Peninsula, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 6769-6787, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6769-2020, 2020.
2019
Fischer, H., Axinte, R., Bozem, H., Crowley, J.N., Ernest, Ch., Gilge, Stefan, Hafermann, S., Harder, H., Hens, K., Janssen, R.H.H., Königstedt, R., Kubistin, D., Mallik, Ch., Martinez, M., Novelli, A., Parchatka, U., Plass-Dülmer, Ch., Pozzer, A., Reiffs, A., Schmidt, T., Schuladen, J., and Lelieveld, J.: Diurnal variability, photochemical production and loss processes of hydrogen peroxide in the boundary layer over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 11953-11968, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-11953-2019, 2019.
Tomsche, L., Pozzer, A., Ojha, N., Parchatka, U., Lelieveld, J., and Fischer, H.: Upper tropospheric CH4 and CO affected by the South Asian summer monsoon during OMO, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,19, 1915-1939, 2019.
2018
Fischer, H., Axinte, R., Bozem, H., Crowley, J.N., Ernest, Ch., Gilge, Stefan, Hafermann, S., Harder, H., Hens, K., Königstedt, R., Kubistin, D., Mallik, Ch., Martinez, M., Novelli, A., Parchatka, U., Plass-Dülmer, Ch., Pozzer, A., Reiffs, A., Schmidt, T., Schuladen, J., and Lelieveld, J.: Diurnal variability, photochemical production and loss processes of hydrogen peroxide in the boundary layer over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10.5194/acp-2018-1179, 2018.
Liu, N., Zhou, S., Zhang, L., Yu, B., Fischer, H., Ren, and Li, J.: Standoff detection of VOcs usinng external cavity quantum cascade laser spectroscopy, Laser Phys. Lett 15, 085701, https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-202X/aac356, 2018.
2017
Tadic, I., U. Parchatka, R. Königstedt, and H. Fischer, In-flight stability of quantum cascade laser based infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide, Appl. Phys. B, 123, 146, 2017.
Bozem, H., T.M. Butler, M.G. Lawrence, H. Harder, M. Martinez, D. Kubistin, J. Lelieveld, and H. Fischer, Chemical processes related to net ozone tendencies in the free troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 10565-10582, 2017.
Bozem, H., A. Pozzer, H. Harder, M. Martinez, J. Williams, J. Lelieveld, and H. Fischer, The influence of deep convection on HCHO and H2O2 in the upper troposphere over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 11835-11848, 2017.
2016
Fischer, H., A. Pozzer, T. Schmitt, P. Jöckel, T. Klippel, D. Taraborrelli, and J. Lelieveld, Hydrogen peroxide in the marine boundary layer over the southern Atlantic during the OOMPH cruise in March 2007, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6971-6980, 2015.
Li, J., H. Deng, J. Sun, and H. Fischer, Simultaneous atmospheric CO, N2O and H2O detection using a single quantum cascade laser sensor based on dual-spectroscopy techniques, Sensors and Actuators, B231, 723-732, 2016.
2015
Li, J., Yu, B., and Fischer, H., Wavelet transformation based on the optimal wavelet pairs for tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy signal processing, Appl. Spectrosc., 69, 496-506, 2015.
Li, J.S., B. Yu, H. Fischer, W. Chen, and P.A. Yalin, Contributed review: Quantum cascade laser based photoacoustic detection of explosives, Rev. Scient. Instrumn., 86, 031501, 2015.
Li, J., A. Reiffs, U. Parchatka, and H. Fischer, In situ measurements of atmospheric CO and its correlation with NOx and O3 at a rural mountain site, Metrol.Meas. Syst., XXII, 25-38, 2015.
2014
Bozem, H., H. Fischer, C. Gurk, C.L. Schiller, U. Parchatka, R. Koenigstedt, A. Stickler, M. Martinez, H. Harder, D. Kubistin, J. Williams, G. Eerdekens, and J. Lelieveld, Influence of corona discharge on the ozone budget in the tropical free troposphere: a case study of deep convection during GABRIEL, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8917-8931, 2014.
Li, J., U. Parchatka, and H. Fischer, A formaldehyde trace gas sensor based on a thermoelectrically cooled CW-DFB quantum cascade laser, Anal. Methods, 6, 5483-5488, 2014.
2013
Li, J.S., W. Chen, and H. Fischer, Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometry Techniques: A New Trend in Atmospheric Chemistry, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev., 48, 523-559, 2013.
Li, J.S., U Parchatka, and H. Fischer, Development of field-deployable QCL sensor for simultaneous detection of ambient N2O and CO, Sensors and Actuators B, 659-667, 2013.
2012
Li, J., U. Parchatka, R. Königstedt, and H. Fischer, Real-time measurements of atmospheric CO using a continuous-wave room temperature quantum cascade laser based spectrometer, Opt. Express, 20, 7590-7601, 2012.
Li, J., U. Parchatka, and H. Fischer, Applications of wavelet transform to quantum cascade laser spectrometer for atmospheric trace gas measurements, Appl. Phys. B., 108, 951-963, 2012.
2011
Klippel, T., H. Fischer, H. Bozem, M.G. Lawrence, T. Butler, P. Jöckel, H. Tost, M. Martinez, H. Harder, E. Regelin, R. Sander, C.L. Schiller, A. Stickler, and J. Lelieveld, Distribution of hydrogen peroxide, emthyl hydroperoxide and formaldehyde over central Europe during the HOOVER project, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 4391-4410, 2011.
Hosaynali Beygi, Z., Fischer, H., Harder, H. D., Martinez, M., Sander, R., Williams, J., Brookes, D. M., Monks, P. S., and Lelieveld, J.: Oxidation photochemistry in the Southern Atlantic boundary layer: unexpected deviations of photochemical steady state, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8497-8513, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8497-2011, 2011.
2008
Schiller, C.L., H. Bozem, C. Gurk, U. Parchatka, R. Königstedt, G.W. Harris, J. Lelieveld and H. Fischer, TRISTAR: Application of a Quantum Cascade TDLAS for sensitive trace gas measurements of CO, CH4, N2O and HCHO, Applied Physics B, 419-430, 2008.
Gurk, C., H. Fischer, P. Hoor, J. Lelieveld, and H. Wernli, Airborne in-situ measurements of vertical, seasonal and latitudinal distributions of carbon dioxide over Europe, Atmos. Phys. Chem., 8, 6395-6403, 2008.
2007
Stickler, A., H. Fischer, H. Bozem, C. Gurk, C. Schiller, M. Martinez-Harder, D. Kubistin, H. Harder, J. Williams, G. Eerdekens, N. Yassaa, L. Ganzeveld, R. Sander, and J. Lelieveld, Chemistry, transport and dry deposition of trace gases in the boundary layer over the tropical Atlantic and the Guyanas during the GABRIEL field campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3933-3956, 2007.
2006
Stickler, A., H. Fischer, J. Williams, M. de Reus, R. Sander, M.G. Lawrence, J.N. Crowley and J. Lelieveld, The influence of deep convection on the budget of HCHO in the middle and upper troposphere over Europe in summer, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D14308, doi:10.1029/2005JD007001, 2006.
Fischer, H., M. Lawrence, Ch. Gurk, P. Hoor, J. Lelieveld, M.I. Hegglin, D. Brunner and C. Schiller, Model simulations and aircraft measurements of vertical, seasonal and latitudinal O3 and CO distributions over Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys. ,6, 339-348, 2006.
2005
Kormann, R., R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, J. Lelieveld, and H. Fischer, QUALITAS – A mid-infrared spectrometer for sensitive trace gas measurements based on quantum cascade lasers in CW operation, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 76, 075102, doi: 10.1036/1.1931233, 2005.
de Reus, M., H. Fischer, R. Sander, V. Gros, R. Kormann, G. Salisbury, R. Van Dingenen, J. Williams, M. Zöllner, and J. Lelieveld, Observations and model calculations of trace gas scavenging in a dense Saharan dust plume during MINATROC, Atmos. Chem. Phys.,5, 1787-1803, 2005.
Hoor, P., H. Fischer, and J. Lelieveld, Tropical and extratropical tropospheric air in the lowermost stratosphere over Europe: A CO-based budget, Geophys. Res. Lett.,32, LO7802, doi:10.1029/2004GL022018, 2005.
2004
Hoor, P., C. Gurk, D. Brunner, M.I. Hegglin, H. Wernli, and H. Fischer, Seasonality and extend of extratropical TST derived from in-situ CO measurements during SPURT, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1427-1442, 2004.
Hoor, P., H. Bönisch, D. Brunner, A. Engel, H. Fischer, C. Gurk, G. Günther, M. Hegglin, M. Krebsbach, R. Maser, Th. Peter, C. Schiller, U. Schmidt, N. Spelten, H. Wernli and V. Wirth, New insights into upward transport across the extratropical tropopause derived from extensive in situ measurements during the SPURT project, SPARC Newsletter, 22, 29-31, 2004.
2003
Scheeren, H.A., J. Lelieveld, J. Williams, H. Fischer, and C. Warneke, Measurements of reactive chlorocarbons over the Surinam tropical rain forest: indications for biogenic emissions, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 3, 5469-5512, 2003.
Scheeren, B., H. Fischer, P. Hoor, J. Lelieveld, J. Rudolph, F. Arnold, B. Bregman, C. van der Veen, A. Engel, and D. Brunner, Measurements of reactive organic tracer species in the northern extratropical lower stratosphere: Seasonal variability and indications of recent troposphere to stratosphere exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D24, 4805, doi:10.1029/2003JD003650, 2003.
de Reus, M., H. Fischer, F. Arnold, J. de Gouw, C. Warneke, and J. Williams, On the relationsship between acetone and carbon monoxide in different airmasses, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1709-1723, 2003.
Fischer, H., R. Kormann, T. Klüpfel, Ch. Gurk, R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, J. Mühle, Tae Siek Rae, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, P. Bonasoni, and A. Stohl, Ozone production and trace gas correlations during the June 2000 MINATROC intensive measurement campaign at Mt. Cimone, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 725-738, 2003.
Fischer, H., M. de Reus, M. Traub, J. Williams, J. Lelieveld, J. de Gouw, C. Warneke, H. Schlager, A. Minikin, Rinus Scheele and P. Siegmund, Deep convective injection of boundary layer air into the lowermost stratosphere at midlatitudes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 739-745, 2003.
Kormann, R., H. Fischer, M. de Reus, M. Lawrence, Ch. Brühl, R. von Kuhlmann, R. Holzinger, J. Williams, J. Lelieveld, C. Warneke, J. de Gouw, J. Heland, H. Ziereis, and H. Schlager, Formaldehyde over the eastern Mediterranean during MINOS: Comparison of airborne in-situ measurements with 3D-model results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 851-861, 2003.
Scheeren, H.A., J. Lelieveld, G.J. Roelofs, J. Williams, H. Fischer, M. de Reus, J.A. de Gouw, C. Warneke, R. Holzinger, H. Schlager, T. Klüpfel, M. Bolder, C. van der Veen, and M. Lawrence, The impact of monsoon outflow from India and Southeast Asia in the upper troposphere over the eastern Mediterranean, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1589-1608, 2003.
2002
Marik, T., H. Fischer, P. Bergamaschi, F. Conen, and K. Smith, Seasonal variation in stable isotope ratios in methane from rice fields, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 16/4), 1094, doi: 10.1029/2001GBC001428, 2002.
Wagner, V., R. von Glasow, H. Fischer, and P.J. Crutzen, Are CH2O measurements in the marine boundary layer suitable for testing the current understanding of the CH4 photooxidation? – A model study, J. Geophys. Res., 107(3), 10.1029/2001JD000722, 2002.
Hoor, P., H. Fischer, L. Lange, J. Lelieveld, and D. Brunner, Seasonal variations of a mixing layer in the tropopause region as identified by the CO-O3 correlation from in-situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 107(5), 10.1029/2000JD000289, 2002.
Fischer, H., D. Brunner, G.W. Harris, P. Hoor, J. Lelieveld, D.S. McKenna, J. Rudolph, H.A. Scheeren, P. Siegmund, H. Wernli, J. Williams, and S. Wong, Synoptic tracer gradients in the upper troposphere over central Canada during the STREAM 1998 summer campaign, J. Geophys. Res., 107(8), 10.1029/2000JD000312, 2002.
Williams, J., M. de Reus, R. Krejci, H. Fischer, and J. Ström, Application of he variability-size relationship to atmospheric aerosol lifetimes and ages, Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 2, 133-145, 2002.
Lange, L., H. Fischer, U. Parchatka, C. Gurk, T. Zenker, and G.W. Harris, Characterization of an externally mounted catalytic converter for aircraft measurements, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 73, 3051-3057, 2002.
Williams, J., H. Fischer, S. Wong, P.J. Crutzen, R. Scheele, M. Zachariasse, and J. Lelieveld, Near equatorial CO and O3 levels in the middle troposphere and interhemispheric exchange, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D19, 10.1029/2001JD001126, 2002.
Kormann, R., H. Fischer, C. Gurk, F. Helleis, Th. Klüpfel, R. Königstedt, U. Parchatka, and V. Wagner, Application of TRISTAR, a three-laser tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer during MINATROC, Spectrochimica Acta, A58, 2489-2498, 2002.
2001
Wagner V., C. Schiller, and H. Fischer, Formaldehyde measurements in the marine boundary layer of the Indian Ocean during the 1999 INDOEX cruise of the RV Ronald H. Brown, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28529-28538, 2001.
Saueressig, G., J. Crowley, P. Bergamaschi, C. Brühl, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, and H. Fischer, 13C/12C and D/H kinetic isotope effects in the reactions of CH4 with O(1D) and OH: New laboratory measurements and their implications for the isotopic composition of stratospheric methane, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23127-23138, 2001.
Lange, L., P. Hoor, G. Helas, H. Fischer, D. Brunner, B. Scheeren, J. Williams, S. Wong, K.-H. Wohlfrom, F. Arnold, J. Ström, M. de Reus, M.O. Andreae, and J. Lelieveld, Detection of lightning-produced NO in the midlatitude upper troposphere during STREAM 98, J. Geophys. Res., 106., 27777-27786, 2001.
Williams, J., H. Fischer, P. Hoor, U. Pöschl, P.J. Crutzen, M.O.Andreae, and J. Lelieveld, Influence of the tropical rain forest on atmospheric CO and CO2 as measured by aircraft over Surinam, South America, Chemosphere – Global Change Science, 3 , 157-170, 2001.
2000
Williams, J., H. Fischer, G.W. Harris, P. Crutzen, P. Hoor, A. Hansel, R. Holzinger, C. Warneke, W. Lindinger, B. Scheeren, and J. Lelieveld, High resolution measurements of organic trace gases over the tropical forest and the use of the variability and lifetime relationship as a novel method to calculate HO concentrations, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20473-20486, 2000.
Fischer, H., F.G. Wienhold, P. Hoor, O. Bujok, C. Schiller, P. Siegmund, M. Ambaum, H.A. Scheeren, and J. Lelieveld, Tracer correlations in the northern high latitude lowermost stratosphere: Influence of cross-tropopause mass exchange, Geophys. Res.Lett., 27, 97-100, 2000.
1999
Waibel, A.E., H. Fischer, F.G. Wienhold, P.C. Siegmund, B. Lee, J. Ström, J. Lelieveld, and P.J. Crutzen, Highly elevated carbon monoxide concentrations in the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere at northern midlatitudes during the STREAM II summer campaign in 1994, Chemosphere: Global Change Science, 1, 233-248, 1999.
Waibel, A.E., Th. Peter, K.S. Carslaw, H. Oelhaf, G. Wetzel, P.J. Crutzen, U. Pöschl, A. Tsias, E. Reimer, and H. Fischer, Arctic ozone loss due to denitrification, Science, 283, 2064-2069, 1999.
1998
Wienhold, F.G., H. Fischer, P. Hoor, V. Wagner, R. Königstedt, G.W. Harris, J. Anders, R. Grisar, M. Knothe, W.J. Riedel, F.-J. Lübken, and T. Schilling, TRISTAR - a tracer in-situ TDLAS for atmospheric research, Appl. Phys. B, 67, 411-417, 1998.
Bergamaschi, P., C. Lubina, R. Königstedt, H. Fischer, A.C. Veltkamp, and O. Zwaagstra, Stable isotopic signatures (d13C, dD) of methane from European landfill sites, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8251-8265, 1998.
Fischer, H., C. Nikitas, U. Parchatka, T. Zenker, G.W. Harris, P.Matuska, R. Schmitt, D. Mihelcic, P. Müsgen, H.-W. Pätz, M. Schultz, and A. Volz-Thomas, Trace gas measurements during the OCTA campaign 1993 at Izana, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13505-13518, 1998.
Zenker, T., H. Fischer, C. Nikitas, U. Parchatka, G.W. Harris, D. Mihelcic, P. Müsgen, H.W. Pätz, M. Schultz, A. Volz-Thomas, R. Schmitt, T. Behmann, M. Weißenmayer, and J.P. Burrows, Intercomparison of NO, NO2, NOy, O3, and ROx measurments during the Oxidizing Capacity of the Tropospheric Atmosphere (OCTA) campaign 1993 at Izana, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 13615-13634, 1998.
1997
Fischer, H., A.E. Waibel, M. Welling, F.G. Wienhold, T. Zenker, P.J. Crutzen, F. Arnold, V. Bürger, J. Schneider, A, Bregman, J. Lelieveld, and P.C. Siegmund, Observations of high concentrations of total reactive nitrogen (NOy) and nitric acid (HNO3) in the lower Arctic stratosphere during the STREAM II campaign in February 1995, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 23559-23571, 1997.
1996
Bergamaschi, P., C. Brühl, C.A.M. Brenninkmeijer, G. Saueressig, J.N. Crowley, J.U. Grooß, H. Fischer, and P.J. Crutzen, Implications of the large carbon kinetic isotope effect in the reaction CH4 + Cl for the 13C/12C ratio of stratospheric CH4, Geophys. Res. Lett, 23, 2227-2230, 1996.
Johnson, T.J., G.W. Harris, J. Bonifer, J.N. Crowley, T. Zenker, and H. Fischer, The TDLAS instrument for the detection of total inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3611-3614, 1996.
Saueressig, G., P. Bergamaschi, J.N. Crowley, H. Fischer, and G.W. Harris, D/H kinetic isotope effect in the reaction of CH4 + Cl, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3619-3622, 1996.
Wienhold, F.G., H. Fischer, and G.W. Harris, Fast response tunable diode laser spectroscopy for trace gas flux measurements, Infrared Physics and Technology, 37, 67-74, 1996.
1995
Saueressig, G., P. Bergamaschi, J.N. Crowley, H. Fischer, and G.W. Harris, Carbon isotope effect in the reaction of CH4 with Cl atoms, Geophys. Res. Lett, 22, 1225-1228, 1995.