SPITFIRE
Sources and Process-Investigating Task Force studyIng stRatospheric aErosol
2014 - 2017
SPITFIRE was a colloborative project in the framework of the ROMIC (Role of the middle atmosphere in climate) project, funded by the BMBF.
The stratospheric aerosol layer is a key element in the Earth’s climate system. It affects the radiative balance of the atmosphere directly through interactions with solar and terrestrial radiation and indirectly through its effect on stratospheric ozone chemistry. In spite of its importance, the sources, the processing and the radiative properties of stratospheric aerosol and its interdependencies with the Earth’s climate system are not fully understood. The overall aim of SPITFIRE was to investigate the processes sustaining the stratospheric aerosol layer and its exact impact on the climate system, in order to predict its future evolution and climate interactions. SPITFIRE had a strong component of field observations and concentrates on detailed aerosol-related processes in the stratosphere, explicitly including non-sulfate aerosol. SPITFIRE used and analyzed data acquired during several scientific flight missions involving the high altitude research aircraft M55-Geophysica and HALO (ACRIDICON-CHUVA).
People involved:
C. Schulz, J. Schneider
Project partners:
R. Weigel, C. Mahnke, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Institute for Physics of the Atmosphere (Coordination)
M. Ebert, Technical University Darmstadt, Institute for applied Geoscience, environmental mineralogy
H. Schlager, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Institute for Physics of the der Atmosphere, Atmospheric Tracers
M. von Hobe, C. Kloss, Research Center Jülich, IEK-7 Stratosphere
Results:
Wendisch, M., U. Poschl, M. Andreae, L. Machado, R. Albrecht, H. Schlager, D. Rosenfeld, S. Martin, A. Abdelmonem, A. Afchine, A. Araujo, P. Artaxo, H. Aufmhoff, H. Barbosa, S. Borrmann, R. Braga, B. Buchholz, M. Cecchini, A. Costa, J. Curtius, M. Dollner, M. Dorf, V. Dreiling, V. Ebert, A. Ehrlich, F. Ewald, G. Fisch, A. Fix, F. Frank, D. Fuetterer, C. Heckl, F. Heidelberg, T. Hueneke, E. Jaekel, E. Jaervinen, T. Jurkat, S. Kanter, U. Kaestner, M. Kenntner, J. Kesselmeier, T. Klimach, M. Knecht, R. Kohl, T. Koelling, M. Kraemer, M. Krueger, T. Krisna, J. Lavric, K. Longo, C. Mahnke, A. Manzi, B. Mayer, S. Mertes, A. Minikin, S. Molleker, S. Muench, B. Nillius, K. Pfeilsticker, C. Poehlker, A. Roiger, D. Rose, D. Rosenow, D. Sauer, M. Schnaiter, J. Schneider, C. Schulz, R. de Souza, A. Spanu, P. Stock, D. Vila, C. Voigt, A. Walser, D. Walter, R. Weigel, B. Weinzierl, F. Werner, M. Yamasoe, H. Ziereis, T. Zinner, and M. Zoeger, 2016: The ACRIDICON-CHUVA campaign: Studying tropical deep convective clouds and precipitation over Amazonia using the new German research aircraft HALO, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 97, 10, 1885-1908, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00255.1, 2016.
Andreae, M. O., Afchine, A., Albrecht, R., Holanda, B. A., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H. M. J., Borrmann, S., Cecchini, M. A., Costa, A., Dollner, M., Fütterer, D., Järvinen, E., Jurkat, T., Klimach, T., Konemann, T., Knote, C., Krämer, M., Krisna, T., Machado, L. A. T., Mertes, S., Minikin, A., Pöhlker, C., Pöhlker, M. L., Pöschl, U., Rosenfeld, D., Sauer, D., Schlager, H., Schnaiter, M., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., Spanu, A., Sperling, V. B., Voigt, C., Walser, A., Wang, J., Weinzierl, B., Wendisch, M., and Ziereis, H.: Aerosol characteristics and particle production in the upper troposphere over the Amazon Basin, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 921-961, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-921-2018, 2018.
Saturno, J., Ditas, F., Penning de Vries, M., Holanda, B. A., Pöhlker, M. L., Carbone, S., Walter, D., Bobrowski, N., Brito, J., Chi, X., Gutmann, A., Hrabe de Angelis, I., Machado, L. A. T., Moran-Zuloaga, D., Rüdiger, J., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., Wang, Q., Wendisch, M., Artaxo, P., Wagner, T., Pöschl, U., Andreae, M. O., and Pöhlker, C.: African volcanic emissions influencing atmospheric aerosols over the Amazon rain forest, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 10391-10405, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-10391-2018, 2018.
Schulz, C., Schneider, J., Amorim Holanda, B., Appel, O., Costa, A., de Sá, S. S., Dreiling, V., Fütterer, D., Jurkat-Witschas, T., Klimach, T., Knote, C., Krämer, M., Martin, S. T., Mertes, S., Pöhlker, M. L., Sauer, D., Voigt, C., Walser, A., Weinzierl, B., Ziereis, H., Zöger, M., Andreae, M. O., Artaxo, P., Machado, L. A. T., Pöschl, U., Wendisch, M., and Borrmann, S.: Aircraft-based observations of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX-SOA) in the tropical upper troposphere over the Amazon region, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 14979-15001, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14979-2018, 2018.
Mei, F., Wang, J., Comstock, J. M., Weigel, R., Krämer, M., Mahnke, C., Shilling, J. E., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., Long, C. N., Wendisch, M., Machado, L. A. T., Schmid, B., Krisna, T., Pekour, M., Hubbe, J., Giez, A., Weinzierl, B., Zoeger, M., Pöhlker, M. L., Schlager, H., Cecchini, M. A., Andreae, M. O., Martin, S. T., de Sá, S. S., Fan, J., Tomlinson, J., Springston, S., Pöschl, U., Artaxo, P., Pöhlker, C., Klimach, T., Minikin, A., Afchine, A., and Borrmann, S.: Comparison of aircraft measurements during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 13, 661–684, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-661-2020, 2020.
Holanda, B. A., Pöhlker, M. L., Walter, D., Saturno, J., Sörgel, M., Ditas, J., Ditas, F., Schulz, C., Franco, M. A., Wang, Q., Donth, T., Artaxo, P., Barbosa, H. M. J., Borrmann, S., Braga, R., Brito, J., Cheng, Y., Dollner, M., Kaiser, J. W., Klimach, T., Knote, C., Krüger, O. O., Fütterer, D., Lavrič, J. V., Ma, N., Machado, L. A. T., Ming, J., Morais, F. G., Paulsen, H., Sauer, D., Schlager, H., Schneider, J., Su, H., Weinzierl, B., Walser, A., Wendisch, M., Ziereis, H., Zöger, M., Pöschl, U., Andreae, M. O., and Pöhlker, C.: Influx of African biomass burning aerosol during the Amazonian dry season through layered transatlantic transport of black carbon-rich smoke, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 4757–4785, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-4757-2020, 2020.
Lou, S., Shrivastava, M., Easter, R. C., Yang, Y., Ma, P.-L., Wang, H., Cubison, M. J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Jimenez, J. L., Zhang, Q., Rasch, P. J., Shilling, J. E., Zelenyuk, A., Dubey, M., Cameron-Smith, P., Martin, S. T., Schneider, J., and Schulz, C.: New SOA Treatments Within the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM): Strong Production and Sinks Govern Atmospheric SOA Distributions and Radiative Forcing, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 12, e2020MS002266, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002266, 2020.
Jo, D. S., Hodzic, A., Emmons, L. K., Tilmes, S., Schwantes, R. H., Mills, M. J., Campuzano-Jost, P., Hu, W., Zaveri, R. A., Easter, R. C., Singh, B., Lu, Z., Schulz, C., Schneider, J., Shilling, J. E., Wisthaler, A., and Jimenez, J. L.: Future changes in isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX SOA) under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: the importance of physicochemical dependency, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 3395–3425, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-3395-2021, 2021.
Shrivastava, M., Rasool, Q. Z., Zhao, B., Octaviani, M., Zaveri, R. A., Zelenyuk, A., Gaudet, B., Liu, Y., Shilling, J. E., Schneider, J., Schulz, C., Zöger, M., Martin, S. T., Ye, J., Guenther, A., Souza, R. F., Wendisch, M., and Pöschl, U.: Tight Coupling of Surface and In-Plant Biochemistry and Convection Governs Key Fine Particulate Components over the Amazon Rainforest, ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 6, 380-390, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00356, 2022.
Hünig, A., Appel, O., Dragoneas, A., Molleker, S., Clemen, H.-C., Helleis, F., Klimach, T., Köllner, F., Böttger, T., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., and Borrmann, S.: Design, characterization, and first field deployment of a novel aircraft-based aerosol mass spectrometer combining the laser ablation and flash vaporization techniques, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 2889–2921, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-2889-2022, 2022.
Appel, O., Köllner, F., Dragoneas, A., Hünig, A., Molleker, S., Schlager, H., Mahnke, C., Weigel, R., Port, M., Schulz, C., Drewnick, F., Vogel, B., Stroh, F., and Borrmann, S.: Chemical analysis of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) with emphasis on secondary aerosol particles using aircraft-based in situ aerosol mass spectrometry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 13607–13630, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-13607-2022, 2022.
Dragoneas, A., Molleker, S., Appel, O., Hünig, A., Böttger, T., Hermann, M., Drewnick, F., Schneider, J., Weigel, R., and Borrmann, S.: The realization of autonomous, aircraft-based, real-time aerosol mass spectrometry in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5719–5742, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5719-2022, 2022.